World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -19

World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -19

World Literature on Medicinal Plants Quoted/Consulted/Modified/Improved/Discussed/Used/Corrected in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database.

For details please visit http://www.pankajoudhia.com





1. WHO: The promotion and development of traditional medicine. Report
of a World Health Organization Meeting. Technical Report Series 622
Geneva; 1978.
2. Matsheta MS, Mulaudzi FM: The Perceptions of Traditional Healers of
Cervical Cancer Care at Ga Mothapo Village in Limpopo Province.
Indilinga: African J of Indigenous Knowledge Systems 2008, 7:103-116.
3. Rinne E: Water and Healing - Experiences from the Traditional Healers in
Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Nordic J of African Studies 2001, 10:41-65.
4. Pei SJ: Ethnobotanical approaches of traditional medicine srudies: Some
experiences from Asia. Pharmaceutical Biology 2001, 39:74-79.
5. Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S: Medicinal plants used by
traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal
of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006, 2:43
6. Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z, Teklehaymanot T: Medicinal plant knowledge
of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical investigation.
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:34.
7. Uprety Y, Asselin H, Boon EK, Yadav S, Shrestha KK: Indigenous use and
bio-efficacy of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa District, Central Nepal.
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010, 6:3, 2010.
8. David JS: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Babungo,
Northwest Region, Cameroon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
2010, 6:8.
9. Marshall NT: Searching for a cure: Conservation of medicinal wildlife
resources in eastern and southern Africa. TRAFFIC East/southern Africa &
TRAFFIC International, Cambridge; 1998.
10. Mapaure I, Hatuikulipi T: Namibia’s Indigenous Knowledge System: IKS
Literature Review Report on the Use of Plants for Medicinal and Other
Purposes by Local Communities in Namibia. University of Namibia,
Windhoek; 2008.
11. LeBeau D: Dealing with disorder: traditional and western medicine in
Katutura (Namibia). Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln, Germany; 2003.
12. National Herbarium of Namibia (WIND): SPMNDB Database. WIND, National
Botanical Research Institute, MAWF, Windhoek; 2007, 2007.
13. Lumpkin TW: Traditional healers and community use of traditional
medicine in Namibia. Ministry of Health & Social Services and UNICEF,
Windhoek; 1994.
14. Cunningham AB: The role of ethnobotany and indigenous knowledge in
conservation of plant genetic resources. Dinteria 1992, 23:119-131.
15. Pfeiffer JM, Butz RJ: Assessing cultural and ecological variation in
ethnobiological research: the importance of gender. Journal of
Ethnobiology 2005, 25:240-278.
16. Heinrich M, Ankli A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O: Medicinal plants in
Mexico: Healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Social Science and
Medicine 1998, 47:1859-1871.
17. Canales M, Hernandez T, Caballero J, Romo de Vivar A, Avila G, Duran A,
Lira R: Informant consensus factor and antibacterial activity of the
medicinal plants used by the people of San Rafael Coxcatlan, Puebla,
Mexico. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2005, 97:429-439.
18. Alexiades MN, Sheldon JW: Selected Guidelines for Ethnobotanical
Research: A Field Manual. Advances in Economic Botany, vol. 10 The New
York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York; 1996.
19. Teklehaymanot T: Ethnobotanical study of knowledge and medicinal
plants use by the people in Dek Island in Ethiopia. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 2009, 124:69-78.
20. Trotter RT, Logan MH: Informants consensus: a new approach for
identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In Plants in Indigenous
Medicine and Diet. Edited by: Etkin NL. Redgrave Publishing Company,
Bedford Hill, NY; 1986:91-112.
21. Shapi M, Matengu K, Mu Ashekele H: Indigenous Knowledge System Pilot
Study - Oshikoto Region. Multidisciplinary Research Centre, University of
Namibia, Windhoek; 2009.
22. Obi SN: Extramarital Sexual Activity among Infertile Women in Southeast
Nigeria. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2006, 56:72-75.
23. Bishaw M: Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners
toward cooperation. Ethiopian Medical Journal 1990, 28:63-72.
24. Balick MJ, Cox PA: Plants, People and Culture: The Science of
Ethnobotany. The Scientific American Library, New York; 1996.
25. Azaizeh H, Fulder S, Khalil K, Said O: Ethnomedicinal knowledge of local
Arab practitioners in the Middle East Region. Fitoterapia 2003, 74:98-108,
2003.
26. Leffers A: Gemsbok Bean & Kalahari Truffle: Traditional plant use by
Jul’hoansi in North-Eastern Namibia. Gamsberg Macmillan, Windhoek;
2003.
27. Busia K: Medical provision in Africa - Past and present. Phytotherapy
Research 2005, 19:919-923.
28. Tapsoba H, Deschamps JP: Use of medicinal plants for the treatment of
oral diseases in Burkina Faso. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006,
104:68-78.
29. Saikia AP, Ryakala VK, Sharma P, Goswami P, Bora U: Ethnobotany of
medicinal plants used by Assamese people for various skin ailments and
cosmetics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006, 106:149-157.
30. Fawole OA, Finnie JF, Van Staden J: Antimicrobial activity and mutagenic
effects of twelve traditional medicinal plants used to treat ailments related to the gastro-intestinal tract in South Africa. South African Journal
of Botany 2009, 75:356-362.
31. Van Wyk BE, de Wet H, Van Heerden FR: An ethnobotanical survey of
medicinal plants in the southeastern Karoo, South Africa. South African
Journal of Botany 2008, 74:696-704.
32. Upadhyay PB, Roy S, Kumar A: Traditional uses of medicinal plants among
the rural communities of Churu district in the Thar Desert India. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 2007, 113:387-399.
33. Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP: Indigenous knowledge of
medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar
District, Haryana, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010,
6:4.
34. Ignacimuthu S, Ayyanar M, Sankarasivaraman K: Ethnobotanical
investigations among tribes in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, India.
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006, 2:25.
35. Sureshkumar SV, Mishra SH: Hepatoprotective effect of extracts from
Pergularia daemia Forsk. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006, 107:164-168.
36. Sathish CJ, Sharma RA, Jain R, Mascalo N, Capasso F, Vijayvergia R, Mittal C:
Ethnopharmacological evaluation of Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov.
Phytotherapy Research 1998, 12:378-380.
37. Wahi AK, Ravi J, Hemalatha S, Singh PN: Anti-diabetic activity of Daemia
extensa. Journal of Natural Remedies 2002, 2:80-83.
38. Du Plessis P: Indigenous knowledge and bio-trade. Presentation at the
National Biosciences Forum and validation of traditional medicines
workshop, Safari Hotel, Windhoek; 2007.
39. Chinsembu KC, Hedimbi M: An ethnobotanical survey of plants used to
manage HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections in Katima Mulilo, Caprivi
region, Namibia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010, 6:25.
Meher-Homji, V.M. 2001. Bioclimatology and Plant Geography of Peninsular India. Scientific
Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
Reddy, C.S., M.S.R. Murthy & Dutt. C.B.S. 2002. Vegetation Diversity and Endemism in Eastern
Ghats, India. Proceedings of National Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, EPTRI,
Hyderabad.
Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry 1987. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Vol. 1. Botanical Survey of
India, Calcutta.
Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry 1988. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of
India, Calcutta.
Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry 1990. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Vol. 3. Botanical Survey of
India, Calcutta.
Reddy, C.S. & Raju,V.S. 2001.  A new variety of Cleome chelidonii (Cleomaceae). Journal of
Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 25: 217-218.
Reddy, K.N., Reddy, C.S., & Jadhav, S.N. 2001. Heterostemma deccanense (Talb.) Swarup &
Mangaly   (Asclepiadaceae): An endangered and endemic taxon in Andhra Pradesh.  The
Indian Forester 127: 1403-1404.
Reddy, K.N., Reddy, C.S. & Raju, V.S. 2003. Ethnobotanical observation on some Orchids of Andhra
Pradesh. Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 9: 146-147.
Reddy, K.N., Reddy, C.S. & Raju, V.S. 2004. Memecylon jadhavii : A new species from Andhra
Pradesh, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 28: 165-166
Dowdeswell WH (1984). Ecological Principles and Practice, Heinemann.
Educational Books, London p.150.
Gbile ZO (1989).    Vernacular names of Nigerian plants (Yoruba)
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan p.124
Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM (1963). Flora of West Tropical Africa 2
nd
Ed.
White Frairs Press London Revised by Crown Agents 2: 544
Kasparek M (1997). Conservation of medicinal plants. Paper presented
at the Workshop on Techno-economic Development of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants for Industrial Utilization March 17-19 Abuja.
Keay RWJ (1989). Trees of Nigeria. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.476 
Mgeni A S M (1991) A more efficient estate: Natural forest or plantation.
In Pyatt. N and T. Williams (eds). Tropical Forestry: third world
priorities versus Western concern pp.43-58.
Olajide O (2003). Steps towards sustainable Natural Forest Management for non-timber forest products in Nigeria Proceedings of the 29
th
Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria (eds. S.O
Akindele, S.O and Popoola, L) 6
th
-11
th
2003, Cross River state,
Nigeria. pp. 303-308.
Oni PI (1997).  Parkia biglobosa  (Jacq) Benth.)in Nigeria: A resource
assessment. An unpublished Ph.D Thesis.  University of Wales,
Bangor, United Kingdom p.220
Osemeobo GJ (1992).  Fuel wood exploitation from Natural Ecosystems
in Nigeria; Socio-economics and ecological implications. J. Rural Dev.
II (2): 141-155
Owonubi JJ, Otegbeye GO (2004). Disappearing forests: A review of
the challenges for conservation of genetic resources and
environmental management J. For. Res. Manage. 1(1& 2): 1- 11
Panayotou T Ashton PS (1992).  Not by timber alone: Economics and
Ecology for Sustaining Tropical Forest. Island Press. Washington D.C
and Covelo California.
Sofowora A (1984). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa.
John Wiley and sons, Chichester, New York, Brisbane and Toronto
and Singapore p.289
Sorenson T (1948). A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude
in plant sociology based on similarity in species content.  Bio Skr. K
danske Vidensk Selsch 5(4): 1-34
Ugbogu OA Akinyemi OD (2004).  Ethnobotany and Conservation of
Ribako Strict Natural Reserve in Northern Nigeria.  J. For. Res.
Manage. 1(1& 2): 60- 70.
Ugbogu OA, Odewo P (2004). Some medicinal plants in the traditional
medicare of Nigeria . J. For. Res. Manage. 1(1& 2): 29-34
White F (1983a). Vegetation of Africa: a descriptive memoir to
accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa.
UNESCO Natural Resources Research 20 UNESCO, Paris p.356
World Health Organization (1991). Guidelines for the Practice of
Traditional Medicine (TRM/Geneva  p.6
1. Bac, V. H. & Oanh, L. T. L. (2003) Amino acid and mineral contents in the leaf of  Pseuderanthemum
palatiferum. J. Mater.. Med., 8(1), 11–15 [In Vietnamese
with English summary].
2. Binh, P. D. (2001) Pseuderanthemum palatiferum plant.
J. Med. Health, 182, 32 [In Vietnamese].
3. Cuong, N. D. & Quynh, N. H. (1999) Pseuderanthemum
palatiferum (Nees) Radlk. Pharmaceutical encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia Publisher, Hanoi, 714.
4. Ho, P. H. (2000) Vietnamese vegetation. Young Publishing House. Vol. III. 69 [In Vietnamese].
5. Khanh, T. C. (1997) The truth of a miraculous medicinal
plant:  Pseuderanthemum palatiferum.    J. Med. Health,
101, 10–11 [In Vietnamese].
6. NAPRALERT (the Natural  Products Alert database),
Pseuderanthemum genus.  Available online at http://
www.stn-international.de/stndatabases/databases/
napraler.html (verified 7 Jun. 1995).
7. Nhai, N. T. T. (1997) Contribution to the studies on botany, chemical composition and biological activities of
Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) Radlk. University
of Pharmacology. Hanoi. Thesis of Pharmacist [In Vietnamese].
8. Oanh, L, T. et al. (1999) Investigation of some biochemical characters of proteolytic activity of Pseuderanthemum
palatiferum. J. Mater. Med., 4(1), 13–17 [In Vietnamese
with English summary].
9. Ryan, B. F., Joiner, B. L. & Ryan, T. A. Jr. (2000) Minitab
statistical software release 13. Duxbury Press, Boston.
10. Son, T. D. & Chinh, D. T. (1996) Geography of Cantho.
Education and Training Agency of Cantho, 5–29.
11. Thu, N. T. M. (1999) Contribution to the studies on botany, chemical composition and biological activities of
Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) Radlk. University
of Pharmacology, Hanoi. MSc thesis [In Vietnamese].
A’zami, M.Z.B., 1985a. Tafheem Al-Bukhari urdu
translation of Al-Sahih Al- Bukhari. Dar-ul- Isha’t.
Maulavi Musafir Khana, Urdu Bazar Karachi, 1: 426,
869.
A’zami, M.Z.B., 1985b. Tafheem Al-Bukhari urdu
translation of Al-Sahih Al- Bukhari. Dar-ul- Isha’t.
Maulavi Musafir Khana, Urdu Bazar Karachi, 3: 348-
49.
Chughtai, T.M., 2000. Nabatat-e-Qurani Aur Jadid
Science. Dar-ul- Isha’t. Urdu Bazar Karachi, P: 449.
El-Mostehy, M.R., A.A. Al-Jassem, I.A. Al-Yasin, A.R. ElGindy and Shoukry, E. (N D). Siwak: An Oral Health
Device. Preliminary Chemical and Clinical
Evaluation. Kuwait. Available at: http://www.
islamset.com/ sc/plants/ siwak.html Accessed May
14, 2008.
Farooqi, I., 1992. Plants of the Quran (Urdu: Nabatat-eQuran). Sheikh Muhammad Bashir and sons,
Jalalud-Din Haspatal Building, Urdu Bazar Lahore
Ghaznavi, K., 2000. Tib-i-Nabvi and Modern science. AlFaisal Nashiran Wa Tajiran-i-Kutab. Urdu Bazar
Lahore, Pakistan, 2: 70-73.
Nasr, S.H., 1976. Islamic Science-An illustrated study.
Westerham press, Ltd., Westerham, Kent
(England), P: 15.
Khan, A.S., M.A. Khan, H.A. Din, H.U. Khan and  M.
Tayyab, 1994. Some Scientific Facets of Quran and
Sunnah (of the Prophet Muhammad, Peace  Be
Upon Him) in The Field of Medicine. Pak. J. Health,
31: 7-10.
Malik, H.M.A., 2001. Treatment through herbs In:
Medicinal Plants of Pakistan, P. 21.
Shahidullah, 2000. Ethnobotanical Studies of district
Bannu, N.W.F.P., Pakistan, P: 111.
Waize, L.D., 2000. Tib-i-Nabavi. Azeem Sons Publishers,
Lahore, Pakistan, pp: 9-15.
1. Ahuja, B. S., Medicinal Plants of Saharanpur, CCSAR, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya,
Hardwar (1965).
2. Basu, B. D., Indian Medicinal Plants (1918).
3. Bose, K. C., Pharmacopoeia indica (1932).
4. Chaghtai, S. A. and Javed Ahmad, Some rare species of Tree flora of Bhopal, Nagarjun, Vol.
XIX, No.12, 7 – 8 (1976).
5. Chaghtai, S. A. and Javed Ahmad, An Ethnobotanical study of Bagrendah (Jatropha curcus
L.) Jour. Res. Ind. Med. Yoga & Homoeo 13:1, 134 – 136, (1977).
6. Chaghtai, S. A., Aruna Garg and Javed Ahmad, Studies on the occurrence of Medicinal
plants of Euphorbiaceae from Bhopal and its neighbourhood.  Nagarjun., Vol.XXII, No.4, 85
– 87 (1978).
7. Chkraberty, C., A comparative Hindu Materia Medica (1923).
8. Chopra, R. N., Indian Medicinal plants (1932).
9. Chopra, R. N., Indigenous Drugs of India (1933).
10. Chopra, R. N., Indigenous Drugs Inquiry (1939).
11. Chopra, R. N., S. L. Nayar and I. C. Chopra., Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR,
New Delhi (1956).
12. Dastur, J. F., Medicinal plants of India and Pakistan, D. B. Taraporevala sons & Co. Private
Ltd. Bombay (1970).
13. Khan, S. S and S. A Chaghtai, Euphorbias of Bhopal and their Medicinal utility, Chikitsa
Vol. I, 75 – 76 (1979).
14. Khan, Shaukat Saeed, Medicobotany of Aquatic Macrophytes of Bhopal, Nagarjun, Vol.
XXIII, No. 10, 217 – 219 (1980).
15. Kirtikar, K. R. Indian Medicinal Plants (1935).
16. Nadkarni, K. M. Indian Materia Medica (1937).
17. Nath, E., H. O. Saxena and S. G. Shukla, Important Ayurvedic Plants of M. P., Govt.
Regional Press, Rewa (1968).
18. Pathak, V. M., Medicinal plants of Gwalior (1965).
19. Tiwari, S. D. N., Medicinal plants of Bastar, “Times of India”, 3
rd
Oct. (1954).
1. Willcox M, Burford G, Bodeker G: An overview of ethnobotanical studies
on plants used for the treatment of malaria. In Traditional Medicinal Plants
and Malaria. Boca Raton: CRC Press;Willcox M, Bodeker G, Rasoanaivo P
2004:187-197, Raton: CRC Press; 2004: 187-197.
2. Willcox ML, Bodeker G: Plant-based malaria control: research initiative on
traditional antimalarial methods. Parasitol Today 2000, 16:220-221.
3. Krettli AU, Andrade-Neto VF, Brandao MG, Ferrari WM: The search for new
antimalarial drugs from plants used to treat fever and malaria or plants
randomly selected: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001, 96:1033-1042.
4. Carvalho LH, Brandao MG, Santos-Filho D, Lopes JL, Krettli AU: Antimalarial
activity of crude extracts from Brazilian plants studied in vivo in
Plasmodium berghei-infected mice and in vitro against Plasmodium
falciparum in culture. Braz J Med Biol Res 1991, 24:1113-1123.
5. Brandão MGL, Botelho MDGA, Krettli AU: Quimioterapia experimental
antimalárica com produtos naturais: I. Uma Abordagem mais racional?
Ciência e Cultura 1985, 37:1152-1163.
6. Leaman DJ, Arnason JT, Yusuf R, Sangat-Roemantyo H, Soedjito H,
Angerhofer CK, Pezzuto JM: Malaria remedies of the Kenyah of the Apo
Kayan, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo: a quantitative assessment of
local consensus as an indicator of biological efficacy. J Ethnopharmacol
1995, 49:1-16.
7. Vigneron M, Deparis X, Deharo E, Bourdy G: Antimalarial remedies in
French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study.
J Ethnopharmacol 2005, 98:351-360.
8. Graz B, Diallo D, Falquet J, Willcox M, Giani S: Screening of traditional
herbal medicine: first, do a retrospective study, with correlation
between diverse treatments used and reported patient outcome.
J Ethnopharmacol 2005, 101:338-339.
9. Diallo D, Graz B, Falquet J, Traore AK, Giani S, Mounkoro PP, Berthe A,
Sacko M, Diakite C: Malaria treatment in remote areas of Mali: use of
modern and traditional medicines, patient outcome. Trans R Soc Trop
Med Hyg 2006, 100:515-520.
10. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J: The development
of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic
accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003, 3:25.
11. Soh PN, Benoit-Vical F: Are West African plants a source of future
antimalarial drugs? J Ethnopharmacol 2007, 114:130-140.
12. Rasoanaivo P, Deharo E, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Frappier F: Guidelines for
the non-clinical evaluation of the efficacy of traditional antimalarials. In
Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria. Boca Raton: CRC Press;Willcox M,
Bodeker G, Rasoanaivo P 2004:255-270.
13. Peters W: Chemotherapy of Malaria. In Malaria. Volume 1. New York:
Academic Press;Kreier J 1980:145-273.
14. Landau I, Gautret P: Animal Models: Rodents. In Malaria: Parasite Biology
Pathogenesis and Protection. Washington DC: ASM Press;Sherman IW
1998:401-417.
15. Ishih A, Miyase T, Ohori K, Terada M: Different responses of three rodent
Plasmodia species, Plasmodium yoelii 17XL, P. berghei NK65 and P.
chabaudi AS on treatment with febrifugine and isofebrifugine mixture
from Hydrangea macrophylla var. Otaksa leaf in ICR mice. Phytother Res
2003, 17:650-656.
16. Deharo E, Krugliak M, Baccam D, Ginsburg H: Antimalarial properties of
soy-bean fat emulsions. Int J Parasitol 1995, 25:1457-1462.
17. Willcox ML, Bodeker G: Traditional herbal medicines for malaria. BMJ
2004, 329:1156-1159.
18. Willcox M, Olanrewaju I: Guidelines for clinical studies on herbal
antimalarials. In Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria. Boca Raton: CRC
Press;Willcox M, Bodeker G, Rasoanaivo P 2004:, Hardman R (Series Editor).
19. WHO: Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Antimalarial Drugs for
Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Areas with intense Transmission.
WHO/MAL/96.1077 Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
20. Sharma P, Sharma JD: Plants showing antiplasmodial activity–from crude
extracts to isolated compounds. Indian J Malariol 1998, 35:57-110.
21. Siegel S: Nonparametric statistics for the behavioural sciences. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc; 1956.
22. Panda PK: Clinical study of Caesalpinia crista Linn. (Lata Karanja) in
malaria patients. Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 1998, 19:122-127.
23. Hicks EP, Diwan Chand S: The relative clinical Efficacy of Totaquina and
Quinine. Records of the Malaria Survey of India 1935, 5:39-50.
24. Tsu CF: Chang Shan in the treatment of malaria. Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene 1947, 50:75-77.
25. Ouedraogo JB, Guigemde TR, Traore M, Traore SA, Dakuyo Z, Sanou A:
Etude de l’efficacite parasitologique de N’Dribala dans le traitement du
paludisme. Sciences et Techniques 1992, 20:45-53.
26. Boye GL: Studies on the antimalarial action of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
extract. International Symposium on East-West Medicine; Seoul, Korea 1989,
242-251.
27. Mueller MS, Runyambo N, Wagner I, Borrmann S, Dietz K, Heide L:
Randomized controlled trial of a traditional preparation of Artemisia
annua L. (Annual Wormwood) in the treatment of malaria. Trans R Soc
Trop Med Hyg 2004, 98:318-321.
28. Challand S, Willcox M: A clinical trial of the traditional medicine Vernonia
amygdalina in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. J Altern
Complement Med 2009, 15:1231-1237.
29. Benoit-Vical F, Valentin A, Da B, Dakuyo Z, Descamps L, Mallie M: N’Dribala
(Cochlospermum planchonii) versus chloroquine for treatment of
uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Ethnopharmacol 2003,
89:111-114.
30. Graz B, Willcox M, Diakite C, Falquet J, Dakouo F, Sidibe O, Giani S, Diallo D:
Argemone mexicana decoction versus artesunate / amodiaquine for the
home-based management of malaria in Mali. Policy and public health
implications. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010, 104:33-41.
31. Fletcher W: Critical analysis of the results achieved. League of Nations:
Quarterly Bulletin of the Health Organisation 1934, III:344-358.
32. Bugmann N: Le concept du paludisme, l’usage et l’efficacite in vivo de
trois traitements traditionnels antipalustres dans la region de Dori,
Burkina Faso. University of Basel, Swiss Tropical Institute; 2000.
33. Willcox M, Graz B, Diakite C, Falquet J, Dackouo F, Sidibe O, Giani S,
Diallo D: Is parasite clearance clinically important after malaria treatment
in a high transmission area? A 3-month follow-up of home-based
management with herbal medicine or ACT. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
2011, 105:23-31.
34. Willcox M, Graz B, Falquet J, Diakite C, Giani S, Diallo D: A “reverse
pharmacology” approach for developing anti-malarial phytomedicines.
Malar J 2011, 10(Suppl 1):S8.
35. Willcox ML, Graz B, Falquet J, Sidibe O, Forster M, Diallo D: Argemone
mexicana decoction for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum
malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007, 101:1190-1198.
36. Butcher GA, Sinden RE: Persistence of atovaquone in human sera
following treatment: inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum development
in vivo and in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003, 68:111-114.
37. Hsu E: The history of qing hao in the Chinese materia medica. Trans R
Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006, 100:505-508.
38. Diallo D, Diakite C, Mounkoro PP, Sangare D, Graz B, Falquet J, Giani S:
[Knowledge of traditional healers on malaria in Kendié (Bandiagara) and
Finkolo (Sikasso) in Mali]. Mali Med 2007, 22:1-8.
39. Diallo D, Maiga A, Diakite C, Willcox M: Malarial-5: Development of an
antimalarial phytomedicine in Mali. In Traditional Medicinal Plants and
Malaria. Boca Raton: CRC Press;Willcox M, Bodeker G, Rasoanaivo P 2004:.
40. Adjanohoun JE, Ahyi MRA, Ake Assi L, Alia AM, Amai CA, Gbile ZO,
Johnson CLA, Kakooko ZO, Lutakome HK, Morakinyo O, et al: Contribution
to Ethnobotanical and Floristic Studies in Uganda. Organization of African
Unity: Scientific Technical & Research Commission; 1993.
41. Adriaens M: Family Medicinal Plant Gardens in the Rwenzori Region.
Entebbe, Uganda: Marianum Press Ltd; 2005.
42. Asase A, Oteng-Yeboah AA, Odamtten GT, Simmonds MS: Ethnobotanical
study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2005,
99:273-279.
43. Baerts M, Lehmann J: L’utilisation de quelques plantes medicinales au
Burundi. Tervuren: Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale; 1993.
44. Challand S: A survey of the use of medicinal plants and other traditional
medicine in Kasese District, Uganda. Trop Doct 2005, 35:222-224.
45. Gedif T, Hahn HJ: Treatment of malaria in Ethiopian folk medicine. Trop
Doct 2002, 32:206-209.
46. Kokwaro JO: Medicinal Plants of East Africa. Nairobi: Kenya Literature
Bureau; 1993.
47. Tabuti JR: Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope
county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 116:33-42.
48. Masaba SC: The antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina Del
(Compositae). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000, 94:694-695.
49. Iwalokun BA: Enhanced antimalarial effects of chloroquine by aqueous
Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in mice infected with chloroquine
resistant and sensitive Plasmodium berghei strains. Afr Health Sci 2008,
8:25-35.
50. Njan AA, Adzu B, Agaba AG, Byarugaba D, Diaz-Llera S, Bangsberg DR: The
analgesic and antiplasmodial activities and toxicology of Vernonia
amygdalina. J Med Food 2008, 11:574-581.
51. Graz B, Falquet J, Elisabetsky E: Ethnopharmacology, sustainable
development and cooperation: The importance of gathering clinical
data during field surveys. J Ethnopharmacol 2010, 130:635-638.
52. ICH (2009): Guidance on nonclinical safety studies for the conduct of
human clinical trials and marketing authorisation for pharmaceuticals
M3(R2). [http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/
Guidelines/Safety/M3_R2/Step4/M3_R2__Guideline.pdf].
Abbasi, A.M., G. Dastagir, F. Hussain and P. Sanaullah. 2005. Ethnobotany and marketing of crude
drug plants in district Haripur, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, 11(2): 103-114.
Abbasi, A.M., M.A. Khan, M. Ahmad, M. Zafar, H. Khan, N. Muhammad and S. Sultana. 2009.
Medicinal plants used for the treatment of Jaundice and Hepatitis based on Socio-Economics
documentation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(8): 1643-1650. 
Ahmad, M., M.A. Khan and R.A. Qureshi. 2003. Ethnobotanical study of some cultivated plants of
Chhuchh region (district Attock). Hamdard Medicus, 46(3): 15-19.
Ahmad, M., M.A. Khan, M. Zafar and S. Sultana. 2007. Treatment of common ailments by plantbased remedies among the people of district Attock (Punjab) of Northern Pakistan. African
Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 4(1): 112-120.
Ali, H. and M. Qaiser. 2009. The Ethnobotany of Chitral Valley, Pakistan with Particular Reference
to Medicinal Plants. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41(4): 2009-2041.
Ali, S.I. and M. Qaiser (Eds.). 1993-2007. Flora of Pakistan (fascicles series 193-215). Islamabad,
Karachi.
Ali, S.I. and Y.J. Nasir (Eds.). 1990-1991. Flora of Pakistan (fascicles series 191-192). Islamabad, Karachi.
Anonymous. 1998. Census report of North West Frontier Province. Population census organization.
Statistic division, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad.
Badshah, L., F. Hussain and Z. Mohammad. 1996. Florastic and Ethnoecological studies on some
plants of Pirghar Hills, S. Wazirstan, Pakistan. Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences,
2(2): 167-177.
Dastagir, G. and A.M. Abbasi.  2004. Folk medicines used for the treatment of jaundice in district
Haripur, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(2): 119-123.
Deodhar, A. K. and R. E. Rana. 1997. Surgical physiology of wound healing: a review.
Ethnopharmacology, 107: 324-341.
Farnsworth, N.R. 1988. Screening plants for new medicines. In: Biodiversity, (Eds.): E.O. Wilson
and F.M. Peter. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 83-97. 
Goleniowski, M.E., G.A. Bongiovanni, L. Bongiovanni, C.O. Palacio and J.J. Cantero. 2006.
Medicinal plants from the “Sierra de Comechingones”,  Argentina. Journal of
Ethnophamacology, 107: 324-341.
Hamayaun, M. 2005. Ethnobotanical studies of some  useful shrubs and trees of District Buner,
Pakistan. Ethnobotany leaflets.
Hamayaun, M., M.A. Khan and T. Hayat. 2005. Ethnobotanical profile of Utror and Gabral valleys,
district Swat, Pakistan. Ethnobotany leaflets.
Haq, I. and M. Hussain. 1993. Medicinal plants of Mansehra. Hamdard Medicus, 36(3): 63-100.
Haq, I. and M. Rehman. 1990. Medicinal plants of upper Swat (NWFP) Pakistan.  Hamdard
Medicus, 33(3): 51-68.
Haq, I. and M. Shah. 1986. Medicinal plants of Peshawar district, (NWFP) Pakistan. Hamdard
Medicus, 29(3): 73-87.
Haq, I. and Z. Hussain. 1995. Medicinal plants of Palandri district Poonch (AJK). Pakistan Journal
of Plant Sciences, 1(1): 115-126. 
Hussain, F. and I. Ilahi. 1991. Ecology and Vegetation of Lesser Himalayas (Pakistan). 1
st
 edit.
Jadoon Printing Press. Peshawar, pp. 68-93.
Hussain, K., A. Shahzad and S.Z. Hussnain. 2008. An Ethnobotanical survey of important wild
Medicinal plants of Hattar District Haripur, Pakistan. Ethnobotany Leaflets, 12: 29-35. 
Hussain, M. 2003. Palynological and Ethnobotanical Studies of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.,
from Gallies (Abbottabad), Pakistan. Hamdard Medicus, XLVI (3): 13-14.
Hussain, M., G. M. Shah and M.A. Khan. 2006. Traditional medicinal and economic uses of
Gymnosperms of Kaghan valley, Pakistan. Ethnobotany leaflets. 
Inam, B., K. Sultana, R.A. Qureshi and S. Malik. 2000. A checklist of plants of Bhogarmang, Siran
valley, N.W.F.P., Pakistan.  Hamdard Medicus, 43(4): 62-75.  Journal of Postgraduate
Medicine, 43: 52-56.
Katewa, S.S., B.L. Chaudhary and Z. Jain. 2004. Folk herbal medicines from tribal area of
Rajasthan, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92: 41-46.
Khan, S.W. and S. Khatoon. 2008. Ethnobotanical studied on some useful Herbs of Haramosh and
Bugrote Vallies in Gilgit, Northern areas of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(1): 43-58. 
Kokane, D.D., Y. Rahul, B.K. Mandar, N.C.M. Minakshi and H.G. Chhaya. 2009. Evaluation of
wound healing activity of root of Mimosa pudica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 124: 311–315.
Nasir, E. and S.I. Ali (Eds.) 1970-1989.  Flora of Pakistan (fascicles series 1-190). Islamabad,
Karachi.
Puratchikody, A., C. Nithya and G. Nagalakshmi. 2006. Wound healing activity of  Cyperus
rotundus Linn. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 68, (1) 97-101.
Qureshi, R. and G.R. Bhatti. 2008. Ethnobotany of plants used by the Thari people of Nara Desert,
Pakistan. Fitoterapia, 79: 468-473.
Qureshi, R., A. Waheed, M. Arshad and T. Umbreen. 2009a. Medico-ethnobotanical inventory of
Tehsil Chakwal, Pakistan. Pak J. Bot., 41(2): 529-538.
Qureshi, R.A., M.A. Ghufran, S.A. Gilani, Z. Yousaf, G. Abbas and A. Batool. 2009b. Indigenous
medicinal plants used by local Women in Southern Himalayan regions of Pakistan. Pakistan
Journal of Botany, 41(1): 19-25.
Saqib, Z. and A. Sultan. 2005. Ethnobotany of Palas valley, Pakistan. Ethnobotany leaflets.
Shah, G.M. and M.A. Khan. 2006. Common medicinal folk recipes of Siran Valley, Mansehra,
Pakistan. Ethnobotany leaflets.
Shinwari, M.I. and M.A. Khan. 1998. Multiple dimensions of ethnobotany and its present status in
Pakistan. Hamdard Medicus, 42(2): 5-10.
Shinwari, M.I. and M.A. Khan. 2000. Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla Hills National Park,
Islamabad. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69: 45-56.
Zabihullah, Q., A. Rashid and N. Akhtar. 2006. Ethnobotanical Survey in Kot Manzary Baba
Valley Malakand Agensy, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, 12(2): 115-121.
1. Beddome, R.H. 1976. Handbook to the Ferns of British, India, Ceylon and the Malay Peninsulawith Supplement Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Campbell, T.N. 1951. Medicinal plants used by choctaw, chickasaw and creek Indians in the early
nineteenth century. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9): 285-290 (p. 288,
289).
3. Copeland, E.B. 1942. Edible Ferns. Amer. Fern J. 32: 121-126. pl.
4. Croft, Jim. 1982. Ferns and Man in New Guinea, Papua New Guinea Botany Society.
5. Densmore, Frances. 1928. Uses of plants by the chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report # 44:
273-379 (p. 352).
6. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary O. Chiltoskey. 1975. Cherokee plants and their uses – A 40 year History.
Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 34).
7. Herrick, James William. 1977. Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany,
Ph.D. Thesis (p. 261).
8. Herbal dishes of Chattisgarh, India. 282. Van Jhunki Ke Sag.
9. Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. 1975. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. IV, 2750-2753.
10. May, L.W. 1978. The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies, Bot. Rev. 44:
491-528.
11. New Zealand Plants. The University of Auckland. 2006.
12. Peny, L.M. & Metjger, J. 1980. Medicinal plants of east and south east Asia attributed properties
and uses. The Mit Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England.
13.  Rousseau, Jacques. 1947. Ethnobotanique Abenakise. Archives de folklore 11: 145-182. (p. 155).
14. Scheifenhovel, W. 1970. Ergebnisse ethnomedinizinischer untersuchungen bei den kaluli und
waragu in New Guinea. Erlangen-Nurnberg.
15. Shanker,R & Khare,P.K.1994. Ethnobotanical studies of some ferns from Pachmarhi hills (M.P.).
Higher plants of Indian subcontinent, vol.111:289-294.
16. Singh et al. 1989. Ethnomedicinal uses of ferns. Indian Fern J. 6 (1-2) 63-67.
17. Taylor, Linda Avenill. 1940. Plants used as curatives by certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge,
M.A. Botanical Museum of Harvard Univ. (p. 4).
18. Vasudeva, S.M. 1999. Economic importance of Pteridophytes. Indian Fern J. 16(1-2): 130-152.
Abourashed, E. et al. 2003. Ephedra in perspective. Phytother Res., 17 (7): 703-12
Ahmad, K., Z. I. Khan, M. Ashraf, M. Hussain and M. 2008. Ibrahim status of plant diversity at
Kufi (Soone Valley) Punjab, Pakistan and prevailing threats there in. Pak. J. Bot., 40(3): 993-
997.
Ahmadian, M.A. 1995. Birjand geography. Ghods.
Akhani, H. 2005. The Illustrated flora of Golestan National Park, Iran. University of Tehran Press.
Ali, S.I. 2008. Sinificant of flora with special reference to Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 40(3): 967-971.
Asadi, M. et al. 1998-2002. Flora of Iran. The research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. 
H. Benhassaini, M. Bendahmane, N. Benchalgo. 2007. The chemical composition of fruits of
Pistacia atlantica desf. subsp. atlantica from Algeria. Springer-Verlag.
Davis, S.D.  et al. 1997. Centers of plant diversity: A guide and strategy for their conservation.
Oxford.
Duke, J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. 1985. Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications, Inc. 
Foster, S. and Duke. J. A. A. 1990.  Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N.
America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 
Ghahraman, A. 1979-1998. Colorful flora of Iran. The research Institute of forest and pastures. 
Jalili, A and Z. Jamzad. 1999.  Red data book of Iran. The research Institute of Forest and
Rangelands.
Khoshbakht, K. 2006.  Agrobiodiversity of Plant Genetic Resources in Savadkouh/Iran with
Emphasis on Plant uses and Socioeconomic Aspects. Kassler University Press.
Parsa, A. 1986-1960, Flore de L'Iran, vol: 5, Tehran. 
Petros A.T. and M. G. Polissiou. 1997. Isolation and identification of the aroma components from
Saffron (Crocus sativus). J. Agric. Food Chem., 45(2): 459-462.
Pooyan, M. 1989. Medicinal plants of Southern Khorasan. Danesh Pooyesh Mashhad.
Rashed Mohassel, M. H. 1992. The Vegetation of Khorasan. Mashhad University.
Raunkier, C. 1934. Life Forms of Plants. Oxford University press.
Rechinger, K. 1977. Plants of the Touran protected area, Iran. J. Bot., 1:155-180.
Ross, I. 2005. Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 3 Humana Press.
Sawaya, W.N., N.J.  Daghir, P.  Khan, 1983. Chemical characterization and edibility of the oil
extracted from Citrullus colocynthis seeds.  J. Food Sc., 48: 104-106.
Thomsen, M. 2004. Ferula gummosa: Phytochemical variability in Iran. ICNPR.
Townsend, C. C. and Guest, E., 1965-1985, Flora of Iraq, Vols: 1-9.Baghdad, M. of Agriculture.
Zargari, A. 1991. Medicinal Plants (Vol:1-6). Tehran University.
[1] Albuquerque UP, Hurrell JA. Ethnobotany: one concept and many
interpretations. In: Albuquerque UP, Hanazaki N, Eds. Recent
developments and case studies in ethnobotany 1 ed. Sociedade
Brasileira de Etnobiologia e Etnoecologia/NUPEEA: Recife Brazil
2010; pp. 87-99.
[2] Gottlieb OR, Borin MR. Medicinal products: regulation of
biosynthesis in space and time. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:
115-20.
[3] Gottlieb OR, Borin MR, Brito NR. Integration of ethnobotany and
phytochemistry: Dream or reality? Phytochemistry 2002; 60: 145-
52.
[4] Gottlieb OR, Borin MR. Quantitative chemobiology: a guide into
the understanding of plant bioactivity. J Braz Chem Soc 2002; 13:
772-6.
[5] Albuquerque UP. Re-examining hypotheses concerning the use and
knowledge of medicinal plants: a study in the caatinga vegetation
of NE Brazil. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2006; 2: 1-10.
[6] Albuquerque UP, Andrade LHC, Silva ACO. Use of  plant
resources in a seasonal dry forest (Northeastern Brazil). Acta Bot
Brasil 2005: 19: 1-16.
[7] Santos LL, Ramos MA, Silva SI, Sales MF, Albuquerque UP.
Caatinga Ethnobotany: anthropogenic landscape modification and
useful species in Brazil’s Semi-Arid Northeast. Econ Bot 2009; 63:
363-74.
[8] Reis AMS, Araújo EL, Ferraz EMN, Moura AN. Inter-annual
variations in the population structure of an herbaceous of caatinga
vegetation in Pernambuco Brazil. Rev Bras Bot 2006; 29: 497-508.
[9] Araújo EL, Silva KA, Ferraz EMN, Sampaio EVSB, Silva SI.
Diversidade de herbáceas em microhabitats rochoso plano e ciliar
em uma área de caatinga Caruaru-PE. Acta Bot Brasil 2005; 19:
282-97.
[10] Araújo E L, Albuquerque UP, Castro CC. Dynamics of Brazilian
caatinga - a review concerning the plants environment and people.
Funct Ecosyst Commun 2007; 1: 15-29.
[11] Monteiro JM, Lins Neto EMF, Albuquerque UP, Amorim ELC,
Araújo EL. Use patterns and knowledge of medicinal species
among two rural communities from Northeastern Brazil semi-arid
region. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 105: 173-86.
[12] Monteiro JM, Lins Neto EMF, Albuquerque UP, Amorim ELC,
Araújo EL. The effects of seasonal climate changes in the caatinga
on tannin levels in Myracrodruon urundeuva and Anadenanthera
colubrina. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2006; 16: 338-44.
[13] Almeida CFCB, Silva TCL, Amorim ELC, Maia MBSM,
Albuquerque UP. Life strategy and chemical composition as
predictors of  the selection of  medicinal plants from the caatinga
(Northeast Brazil). J Arid Environ 2005; 62: 127-42.
[14] Alencar  NL, Araújo TS, Amorim ELC, Albuquerque UP. The
inclusion and selection of  medicinal plants in traditional
pharmacopoeias evidence in support of  the diversification
hypothesis. Econ Bot 2010; 64: 68-79.
[15] Albuquerque UP, Oliveira RF. Is the use-impact on native caatinga
species in Brazil reduced by the high species richness of medicinal
plants? J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 113: 156-70.
[16] Araújo TS, Alencar NL, Amorim ELC, Albuquerque UP. A new
approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids
contents from the local knowledge. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 120:
72-80.
[17] Albuquerque UP, Medeiros PM, Almeida ALS, et al. Medicinal
plants of  the caatinga (semi-arid)  vegetation of  NE Brazil: a
quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 114: 325-54.
[18] Alencar NL, Araújo TS, Amorim ELC, Albuquerque UP. Can the
apparency hypothesis explain the selection of medicinal plants in
an area of  caatinga vegetation? A chemical perspective. Acta Bot
Brasil 2009; 23: 908-09.
[19] Albuquerque UP, Lucena RFP. Can apparency affect the use of
plants by local people in tropical forests? Interciencia 2005; 30:
506-10.
[20] Stepp JR, Moerman DE. The importance of  weeds in
ethnopharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 75: 25-31.
Al-Bayati FA, Sulaiman KD (2008). In vitro antimicrobial activity of
Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pethogens in
Iraq. Turk J. Biol., 32: 57-62.
Abd EL, Rahman HF, Skaug N, Whyatt A (2003). Volatile compounds in
crude Salvadora persica extracts. Pharmaceut. Biol., 41: 399- 404.
Abdillahi HS, Stafford GI, Finnie JF, Staden JV (2010). Ethnobotany,
phytochemistry and pharmacology of Podocarpus sensus latissimo
(S.I) South Afr. J. Bot., 76(1): 1-24
Abuzinada AH, Al-Wetaid YI, Al-Basyouni SZM (2005). The National
Strategy for Conservation of Biodiversity in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. Prepared and issued by: The National Commission for
Wildlife Conservation and Development. Conservation of Biological
Diversity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed S, Soaad E, Essawy E, Mohamed EI, Ewald S (2008).
Preliminary phytochemical and propagation trial with Salvadora
persica L. Agric. For. Res., 1/2(58):135–138.
Akhtar MS, Ajmal M (1981). Significance of chewing-sticks (miswaks) in
oral hygiene from a pharmacological view-point. J. Pak. Med. Assoc.,
31(4): 89–95.
Ali H, Konig GM, Khalid SA, Wright AD, Kaminnsky R (2002).
Evaluation of selected Sudanese medicinal plants for their in vitro
activity against hemoflagellates, selected bacteria, HIV and tyrosine
kinase inhibitory, and for cytotoxicity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 83(3): 219-
228.
Al-Khteeb TL, O’Mullane DM, Whelton H, Sulaiman MI (1991).
Periodontal treatment needs among Saudi Arabian adults and their
relationship to the use of the miswak. Commun. Dent. Health, 8(4):
323-328.
Al-Otaibi M, Al-Harthy M, Gustafsson A, Johansson A, Classon R,
Angmar-Mansson B (2004). Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi
Arabians after use of miswak chewing stick and toothbrush. J. Clin.
Periodontol., 31(12):1048-1053.
Al-Quran S (2008) Taxonomical and Pharmacological Survey
ofTherapeutic Plants in Jordan. J. Nat. Prod., 1:10-26.
Al-Sadhan R, Almas K (1999). Miswak (chewing Stick): A Cultural and
Scientific Heritage. Saudi Dental J., 11(2): 80–87.
Al-Sabawi AK, Al-Sheikh-Abdal AKK, Taha MY J (2007). The
antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica solution (Miswak-Siwak) as
root canal irrigant (A comparative study). Univ. Sharjah J. Pure Appl.
Sci., 4(3): 69-91.
Amani S, Isla MI, Vattuone M (1998).Antimicrobial activities in some
argentine medicinal plants. Acta Horticult., 501: 115-122.
Azaizeh H, Fulder S, Khalil K, Said O (2003). Ethnomedicinal
knowledge of local Arab practitioners in the Middle East Region.
Fitoterapia, 74: 98-108.
Chhabra SC, Shao JF, Mshiu EN (1982). Antifungal activity among
traditionally used herbs in Tanzania. Dar. Med. J., 9: 68-73.
Coates A, Hu Y, Bax R (2002). The future challenges facing the
development of new antimicrobial drugs. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 1:
895-901,
Darmani H, Al-Hiyasat AS, Elbetieha AM, Alkofahi A (2003). The effect
of an extract of Salvadora persica (meswak, chewing stick) on fertility
of male and female mice. Phtomed., 10(1): 63-65.
Darout I, Christy A, Skaug N (2000). Identification and Quantification of
Some Potentially Antimicrobial Anionic Components in Miswak
Extract. Indian J. Pharmacol., 32: 11-14.
Ghazanfar SA (2007). Saline and alkaline vegetation of NE Africa and
the Arabian peninsula: An overview. In: Biosaline Agriculture and
Salinity Tolerance in Plants. Ed. Öztürk M, Waisel Y, Khan MJ, Görk
G, Springer V. Published by Birkhauser Basel, pp. 108-109.
Garboui SS, Borg-Karlson AK, Palsson K (2009). Tick repellent
properties of three Libyan plants. J. Med. Entomol., 46(6):1415-1419.
Hussein NS (1992). Benzofuranes from Sececio desfontainei (J).
Pharmazie, 47: 468-469.
Kamel MS, Ohtani K, Assaf MH (1992). Lignan glycosides from stems
of Salvadora persica. Phytochemistry, 31: 2469-2471.
Kamil M, Jayaraj AF, Ahmed F, Gunasekhar C, Samuel S, Habibullah
M, Chan K (1999). Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on
Salvadora persica. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 227: 51-58.
Kandil O, Radwan NM, Hassan AB (1994). Extracts and fractions of
Thymus capitatus exhibit antimicrobial activities. J. Ethnopharmacol.,
44: 19-24.
Kamil M, Jayaraj AF, Ahmed F, Gunasekhar C, Samuel S, Habibullah
M, Chan K (1999). Salvadora persica: Pharmacognostic and
phytochemical studies. Hamdard Medicus XLII(3): 64-75.
Koneman EW, Allen SD, Dowell UR (1988). Color atlas and textbook of
diagnostic microbiology. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott.
Mansour Ml, Al-Khateeb TL, Al-Mazraoo AA (1996). The analgesic
effect of Miswak. Saudi Dent. J., 8: 87-91.
Monforte MT, Trovato A, Rossitto A, Forestieri AM, D’Aquino A, Miceli
N, Galati EM (2002). Anticonvulsant and sedative effects of
Salvadora persica L. stem extract. Phytother. Res., 14(4): 395-397.
Marchese A, Shito GC (2001). Resistance patterns of lower respiratory
tract pathogens in Europe. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 16: 25-29.
Noumi E, Snoussi M, Hajlaoui H, Valentin E, Bakhrouf A (2010).
Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L.
extracts against oral Candida strains. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.
Dis., 29(1): 81-88.
Poole K (2001). Overcoming antimicrobial resistance by targeting
resistance mechanisms. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 53: 283-284.
Salehi P, Momeni J, Danaie SH (2006). Comparison of the antibacterial
effects of persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine on streptococcus
mutans in orthodontic patients. DARU, 14: 178-182,
Sher H, Khan ZD, Khan AU, Hussain F (2004). Ethnobotanical study on
some plants in village Tigdari, district Swat, Pakistan. J. Acta Botan.
Yunnan., 10 (5):42-54.
Sher H, Hussain F (2009). Ethnobotanical evaluation of some plant
resources in Northern part of Pakistan. Afr. J. Biotechnol. Vol., 8 (17):
4066-4076.
Sher H, Hussain F, Sher H (2010a). Ex-situ management study of some
high value medicinal plants species in Swat, Pakistan. J. Ethnobot.
Res. Appl., (8): 17-24.
Sher H, Al-Yemeni MN, Sher H (2010b).Forest Resource utilization
assessment for economic development of rural community, Northern
parts of Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res., 4 (12): 1197-1208.
Sher H, Al-Yemeni MN, Yahya SM, Arif HS (2010c). Ethnomedicinal
and Ecological Evaluation of Salvadora persica L: A threatened
medicinal plant in Arabian Peninsula. J. Med. Plants Res., 4(12):
1209-1215.
Sikarwar RL (1996) Life form and biological spectrum of the flora of
Morena district Madhya Pradesh. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 75:275-277.
Salvat A, Antonnacci L, Fortunato RH (2001). Screening of some plants
from Northern Argentina for their antimicrobial activity. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol., 32: 293-297.
Salehi P, Danaie MSH (2006). Comparison of the antibacterial effects of
persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine on streptococcus mutans in
orthodontic patients. DARU, 14: 178-182.
Sanoqo R, Monforte MT, Daquino A, Rossitto A, Maur DD, Galati EM
(1999). Antiulcer activity of Salvadora persica L.: structural
modifications. Phytomedicine, 6(5): 363-366.
Sofrata A, Lingstrom P, Baljoon M, and Gustafsson A. (2007). The
effect of miswak extract on plaque pH: An in vivo study. Caries Res.,
41(6): 451-454.
Suffredini IB, Sarder HS, Goncalves AG (2004). Screening of
antibacterial extracts from plants native to the Brazilian Amazon Rain
Forest and Atlantic Forest. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 37: 379- 384.
Zakaria MNM, Islam MW, Radhakrishnan R, Ismail A, Habibullah M,
Chan K (1998). Anti-inflammatory properties of Salvadora persica.
46
th
Annual Copngress of the Society for Med. Plant Res., 31 Aug-4
Sept., Vienna. Abstract no. J54.
Buwa LV, Afolayan AJ (2009). Antimicrobial activity of some
medicinal plants used for the treatment of tuberculosis in the
Eastern Cape Province. South Africa. Afr. J. Biotechnol.,
8(23): 6683-6687.
Commerford PJ (2005). Valvular heart disease in South Africa
in 2005. South Afr. Med. J., 95: 568-574.
George J, Laing MD, Drewes SE (2001). Phytochemical
research in South Africa. South Afr. J. Sci., 97(3): 93-105. 
Gowri J, Vijaya AA, Achi RS, Archunan G, Kalavathy  S,
Sampath KS,  Vijaya KK (2011). Redemptive benefit of
atorvastatin in the risk factors of coronary artery disease. J.
Pharm. Res., 4(3): 627-629. 
Hennekens HC (2000). Clinical and research challenges in risk
factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur. Heart J., 21: 1917-
1921.
Hutchings A, Scott AH, Lewis G, Cunningham AB (1996).  Zulu
Medicinal   Plants:   An   Inventory.   Natal   University    Press,
Krisela  S (2007). The heart and stroke foundation South Africa heart
disease in South Africa Media data
document.http://www.heartfoundation.co.za/docs/heartmonth/HeartDi
seaseinSA.pdf.
Laporta O, Perez-Fons L, Mallavia  R, Caturla  N, Micol V (2007).
Isolation, characterization and anti-oxidant capacity assessment of
the bioactive compounds derived from Hypoxis rooperii corm extract
(African potato). Food Chem., 101: 1425-1437.
Mac DJA, Marchand ME, Langler RF (2004). Improving upon the in vitro
biological activity of antithrombotic disulfides. Blood Coagul. Fibrinol.,
15: 447-450.
Masika PJ, Afolayan AJ (2003). An ethenobotanical study of plants
used for the treatment of livestock diseases in the Eastern Cape
Province, South Afr. Pharm. Biol., 41: 16-21. 
Mayosi B, Robertson K, Volmink J, Adebo W, Akinyore  K, Amoah A,
Bannerman C, Biesman-Simons S, Carapetis J, Cilliers A,
Commerford P, Croasdale A, Damasceno A, Dean J, Dean M, De
SR, Filipe A, Hugo-Hamman C, Jurgens-Clur SA, Kombila-Koumba
P, Kotzenberg C, Lawrenson J, Manga P, Matenga J, Mathivha T,
Mntla P, Mocumbi A, Mokone T, Ogola E, Omokhodion S, Palweni C,
Pearce A, Salo A, Thomas B, Walker K, Wiysonge C, Zaher S
(2006).  The Drakensberg declaration on the control of rheumatic
fever and rheumatic heart disease in Africa. South Afr. Med. J., 96(3):
246.
Misra M, Mittal M, Singh R, Verma A, Rai R, Chandra G, Singh R, Mall
A, Khan MJ, Khane S, Yadar k (2007). Prevalence of rheumatic heart
disease in school-going children of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian
Heart J., 59: 42-43.
Van Wyk, Van BE, Oudshoorn B, Gerike N (1997). Medicinal plants of
South Africa. South Africa (Pretoria): Briza Publications.
Van Wyk, Van BE, Gericke N (2000). People’s plants, a guide to useful
plants of Southern Africa, Briza Publications, Pretoria.
World Health Organization (2003). The World Health  Report, 2003.
Shaping the future. Geneva: WHO.
Sliwa K, Damasceno A, Mayosi BM (2005). Epidemiology and etiology
of cardiomyopathy in Africa. Circulation, 112: 3577-3583.
Art 15(5) of the Convention on Biological Diversity provides that access
to genetic resources shall be subject to prior informed consent of the
contracting party providing such resources, unless otherwise
determined by that party. Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de
Janeiro, 5 June 1992).
Bengwayan MA (2003). Intellectual and Cultural Property Rights of
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Asia. Minority Rights Group
international (MRG). Found online at:
http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/IntellPropRights20
03.pdf
Brush SB (1993). Indigenous Knowledge of Biological Resources and
Intellectual Property Rights: The Role of Anthropology. Am.
Anthropol., 95: 653-686.
Burgener M (2003). A Review of the Existing South African
Administrative Systems for Permitting and Overview on Benefit
Sharing Schemes. In: IUCN (eds.) Developing Access and Benefit
Sharing Legislation in South Africa: A Review of International and
National Experiences. (IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2003), p. 82.
Department of Trade and Industry Patents Amendment Bill (2005).
Republic of South Africa, Government Gazette No. 27529 of 26 April
2005.
Dutfield G (2002). Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: a
Review of Progress in Diplomacy and Policy Information.
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development
(ICTSD)-United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) Project on IPRs.
Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Foster C, Norlock FE, Calkins DR,
Delbanco TL (1993). Unconventional Medicine in the United StatesPrevalence, Costs and Patterns of Use. New Engl. J. Med. 328: 246-
252
Erasto P, Adebola PO, Grierson DS Afolayan AJ (2005). An
Ethnobotanical Study of Plants used for the Treatment of Diabetes in
the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4: 1458-
1460.
Hostettmann K, Marston A, Ndjoko K, Wolfender JL (2000). The
Potential of African Plants as a Source of Drugs. Curr. Organ. Chem.,
4: 973-973.
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20060189512.html?highlight=hypoxi,h
ypoxi2,hemerocallidea,hemerocallidea2&stemming=on
http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6159494.html
http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/searchresults.html?search=Buddlejaceae&imageField2.x=12&imageField2.y
=9
http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/searchresults.html?search=Catharanthus+roseus&imageField2.x=11&image
Field2.y=13
http://www.ufh.ac.za/?about=charter
http://www.ufh.ac.za/?about=research
http://www.ufh.ac.za/Al-tsc-fs03/botany/centre_for_phytomedicine.htm
http://www.ufh.ac.za/Al-tsc-fs03/botany/centre_for_phytomedicine.htm
In effect, the Biodiversity Act No 10 has not really changed the
permitting system as it operates now. Perhaps it may even worsen
the patchy permitting system as the Act strengthens the power of the
minister in Charge of environmental issues. See Chapter 8, Part 1,
Section 97(b) (i) of the Biodiversity Act 2004.
Koduru S, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ (2007). Ethnobotanical information
of Plants used for the Treatment of Cancer in the Eastern Cape
Province, South Africa. Curr. Sci. 92: 906-908.
Maffi L (ed.) (2001). One Biocultural Diversity: Linking Languages,
Knowledge and the Environment. Washington, DC: Smithsonian
Institution Press.
McGown J (2006). Out of Africa: Mysteries of Access and Benefit
Sharing. Edmonds Institute/African Centre of Biosafety.
Mgbeoji I (2006). Global Biopiracy: Patents, Plants and Indigenous
Knowledge. Cornell University Press/UBC Press, New York.
Mooney PR (2000). Why we Call it Biopiracy. In: Svarstad H, Dhilion SS
(Eds.) Responding to Bioprospecting. From Biodiversity in the South
to Medicines in the North. Oslo: Spartacus Forlag AS.
Section 82 of the Biodiversity Act No 10 of 2004
Shanley P, Laird SA (2002). Giving Back: Making Research Results
Relevant to Local Groups and Conservation. In Laird SA (eds.)
Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable Partnerships in
Practice. London: Earthscan.
South African Act No. 10 of 2004, National Environmental Management:
Biodiversity Act, Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa, Vol.
467, No. 26436, Cape Town, 7 June 2004.
Twarog S, Kapoor P (eds.) (2004). Protecting and Promoting Traditional
Knowledge: Systems, National Experiences and International
Dimensions. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
van Wyk B, Gericke N (2000). People's Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants
of Southern Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publications.
Asad MS (2009). Jammu and Kashmir Book of General Knowledge.
NIKS, Mirpur. AJK., pp. 298-299.
Black MJ (1996). Transforming ethnobotany for the new millennium.
Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden, 83: 58-66.
Bukhari SAH (1996). Community Machyara, Muzaffarabad Azad
Kashmir. Uses of Medicinal Plants National Park. Proceeding of the
first training workshop on Ethnobotany and its application to
conservation, National Herbarium, NARC, Islamabad, pp. 59-66
Bopana N, Saxena S (2007). Asparagus racemosus –
ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation. J.
Ethnopharmacol., 110: 1-15. 
Bussmann RW, Sharon D (2006). Traditional medicinal plant use in
Northern Peru: tracking 2000 years of healing culture. J. Ethnobiol.
Ethnomed., 2: 47.
Choudhary RP (1998). Biodiversity in Nepal: Status and Conservation.
S Devi, Saharanpur (India) and Tecpress Books, Bangkok.
Campbell MJ, Hamilton B, Shoemaker M, Tagliaferri M, Cohen I,
Tripathy D, (2002). Anti-proliferative activity of  Chinese medicinal
herbs on breast cancercells in vitro. Oikos, 89: 275-282.
Cragg GM, Newman DJ (2003). Plants as the source of anti-cancer and
anti-HIV agents. Ann. Appl. Biol., 143, 127-133.
Gilani SA, Qureshi RA, Farooq U (2001). Ethnobotanical studies of
Ayubia National Park District Abbottabad, Pakistan. Online J. Biol.
Sci., 1(4): 284-286.
Ibrar M, Hussain F, Sultan A (2007). Ethnobotanical studies on plant
resources of Ranyal hills, District Shangla , Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot.,
39(2): 329-337.
Ikram M, Hussain SF (1978). Compendium of Medicinal Plants. PCSIR
Lab., Peshawar.
Martin GJ (1995). Ethnobotany: A People and Plants  Conservation
Manual. Clapham and Hall, London, New York, Tokyo.
Qureshi RA, Ghufran MA, Gilani SA, Yousaf Z, Abbas  G, Batool A
(2009). Indigenous Medicinal Plants used by Local Women in
Southern Himalayan Region of Pakistan, Pak. J. Bot., 41(1): 19-25.
Shinwari ZK, Gilani SS, Akhlas M (2002). Sustainable Harvest of
Medicinal Plants at Bar and Shinaki Valleys, Gilgit (Northern
Pakistan). Consultancy Report: WWF-P, Gilgit. 
Schippmann U, Leaman DJ, Cunningham AB (2002). Impact of
cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global
trends and issues. In Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in
Agriculture, Forestary and Fisheries. Ninth Regular session of the
commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO,
Rome, Italy, pp. 1-21.
Trivedi PC (2002). Ethnobotany: An overview, Ethnobotany. Aavishkar,
Publishers, Distributers, Jaipur, India. pp. 1-10.
Arseculeratne, S.N., Gunatilaka, A.A.L. and Panabokke, R.G.
(1985): Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Part 14:
Toxidity of some traditional medicinal herbs. J. Ethnopharmacology 1: .
Blomley, T. and Ramadhani, H. (006): Going to Scale with
Participatory Forest Management: Early Lessons from Tanzania. International Forestry Review 8: 9-100
Campbell, B. M., Shackleton, S., and Wollenberg, E. Overview
(004): Institutional arrangements for managing woodlands.
TAFORI-CIFOR Newsletter 4, 0-5. 004.
Christophersen, C. and Larsen, C. (1991): Traditional Medicine
–a potential resource pp 8-9. The H.C. Ørsted Institute,
Copenhagen.
Clarke J., Cavendish W. and Coote C. (1996): Rural household
and miombo woodlands: use, value and management. In
Campbell, B. (ed.).  The miombo in transition: Wodlands
and welfare in Africa. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research. Pp. 101-15.
Cotton, C. M. (1996): Ethnobotany. In: Principles and applications. New York:John Wiley & Sons.  1996.
Diamond, J. Collapse (005): How Societies Choose to Fail or
Survive. Allen Lane, Penguin group. London, England.
FFNC (005): Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation
Strategic Plan Year 2005-2010 and beyond. Faculty of
Forestry and Nature Conservation. Sokoine University of
Agriculture. Morogoro. Tanzania.
Forest Act (2002): Government of Tanzania: Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania.
Gausset, Q., Andersen, S.K., Hansen, H.H., Lund, J.F.,
Mugasha, A.G., Nathan, I., Ngaga, Y., Nielsen, S.T. and
Theilade, I. (006): Opportunities and constraints for private
and communal tree management in Majawanga (Gairo,
Tanzania). Submitted to TES Jan 006.
Gervin, M.D. (00): Tenure and regulated access and us of
natural resources in semi-arid Tanzania: A case-study of rural
farmers in Majawanga. Master thesis. International Development and Environmental Planning. Roskilde University.
Denmark
Hansen, H.H., I. Theilade, M. Krog, M. Kehlet, A.B. Ruffo,
A.G. Mugasha (005): Researching Fodder preferences and
nutritive value of trees in Majwanga: How can farmers
benefit? Petrea seminar at FLD/KVL, Frederiksberg -8
October 005.
Krog,M.; Theilade,I.; Hansen,H.H.; Ruffo,C.K. (005):
Estimating use-values and relative importance of trees to the
Kaguru people of semi-arid Tanzania. Forests, Trees and
Livelihoods 15:5-40.
Kvist L.P.; Andersen,M.K.; Hesseløe,M.; Vanclay,J.K. (1995):
Estimating use-values and relative importance of Amazonian
flood plain trees and forests to local inhabitants. Commonwealth Forestry Review 74:9-00..
Luoga, E.J.; Witkowski, E.T.F and Balkwill, K. (000): Differential utilization and ethnobotany of trees in Kitulanghalo
Forest Reserve and surrounding Communal lands, eastern
Tanzania.  Economic Botany 54:8-4.
Martin, G. J. (1995): Ethnobotany: A methods manual. New
York: Chapman & Hall.
Mead, M. (1968): New lives for old: Cultural transformation
– Manus 1928-1953. Dell, NY.
Moyo, F. (005): Composition and structure of the natural
vegetation of Gairo Division, Kilosa - Tanzania. in: Master
Thesis in dryland biodiversity, University of Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
MNRT (001): Tanzania National Forest Programme 2001-
2010. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar Es
Salaam, Tanzania
MNRT (006): Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania.
Facts and figures. Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.
National Forest Policy 1998. Government of Tanzania. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania.
Phillips, O. and Gentry, A. H. (199): The Useful Plants of
Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical Hypotheses Tests with a New
Quantitative Technique. Economic Botany 47:15-.
Phillips, O. (1996): Some quantitative methods for analysing
ethnobotanical knowledge. In Alexiades, M.N. (ed.) Selected
guidelines for ethnobotanical research: A field manual. The
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.
Prance, G. T., Balée W.B., Boom, M. and Carneiro, R. L.
(1987): Quantitative ethnobotany and the case for conservation in Amazonia. Conservation Biology 1: 96-10.
Temu, A. B., Rudebjer, P. G., Kiyiapi, J. and van Lierop, P.
(005): Forestry education in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia: trend myths and realities. FAO. Rome.
Theilade, I. Hansen, H.H., Krog, M. and Ruffo, C.K. (007):
Estimating use-values and relative importance of trees to the
Kaguru people in semi-arid Tanzania: part II woodland species.
Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 17: 109-1.
IPNI (006): The International Plant Names Index. Nomenclatural database. www.ipni.org
The National Forestry Programme 2001. Government of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
(Contd.)

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -172

World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -170

Momordica angustisepala (comments of Pankaj Oudhia)